Appendix

3.5 Fillers from the Spanish novel word spelling task

Table 3.4: Spanish Fillers

Consistent	Inconsistent
/nufa/	/besu/	/kika/
/lifa/	/biɲo/	/kodu/
/lusi/	/baru/	/kado/
/tado/	/beʧo/	/kebo/
/fasa/	/bugo/	/kesi/
/dofa/	/beli/	/kibe/
/nadu/	/boʧi/	/kigo/
/mita/	/bafa/	/keλo/
/nafo/	/λado/	/χibu/
/meli/	/λebi/	/χeko/
/teda/	/λoto/	/χeɲa/
/tefi/	/λubo/	/χeλa/
/mafe/	/λomo/	/χifa/
/lono/	/λaku/	/χega/
/puda/	/λepa/	/χigo/
/pefo/	/λuχa/	/χeru/

3.6 Spellings from the Spanish novel word spelling task

In the pre-test spelling task 5.01% of all inconsistent items (words with two possible spellings) were misspelled due to either leaving out or misspelling the first and hence, target phoneme. In cases where participants left out or misspelled a target sound (e.g., wrote ‘chuñe’ pronounced as //, instead of ‘yuñe’ or ‘lluñe’ for the item //) their preferred spellings were inferred from the correct spellings of both the filler words and other target items starting with the same syllable. Specifically, for each misspelled item we looked at how all the other words starting with the same syllable were spelled and the syllable used most of the times was chosen as the preferred one.

In both Tables ?? and ?? numbers in red indicate novel words whose spellings had to be inferred from the other novel word starting with the same syllable. Numbers between brackets represent the preferred spellings after correcting for misspellings.

Preferred Spanish Spellings from the Set A

Set A
	Phonological Form	Possible  Spellings	Preferred Spelling Per Participant
Inconsistent Preferred	/ʎedu/	yedu	36 (39)
		lledu	9 (9)
	/ʎuɲe/	yuñe	22 (41)
		lluñe	5 (7)
	/χepo/	gepo	30
		jepo	18
	/χifo/	gifo	19
		jifo	29
	/bamu/	bamu	20 (20)
		vamu	27 (28)
	/bupe/	bupe	34 (48)
		vupe	0 (0)
	/kime/	kime	14
		quime	34
	/ketu/	ketu	14
		quetu	34
Inconsistent Unpreferred	/ʎefo/	yefo	31 (34)
		llefo	14 (14)
	/ʎupo/	yupo	43
		llupo	5
	/χede/	gede	27
		jede	21
	/χitu/	gitu	21
		jitu	27
	/badi/	badi	40 (41)
		vadi	7 (7)
	/bumi/	bumi	44 (47)
		vumi	1 (1)
	/kifo/	kifo	10 (11)
		quifo	35 (37)
	/keli/	keli	17
		queli	31

Preferred Spanish Spellings from the Set B

Set B
	Phonological Form	Possible  Spellings	Preferred Spelling Per Participant
Inconsistent Preferred	/ʎepo/	yepo	36 (38)
		llepo	10 (10)
	/ʎule/	yule	39 (40)
		llule	8 (8)
	/χeni/	geni	34
		jeni	14
	/χipe/	gipe	23 (23)
		jipe	24 (25)
	/bafu/	bafu	40 (46)
		vafu	0 (2)
	/buɲe/	buñe	36 (48)
		vuñe	0 (0)
	/kipe/	kipe	10
		quipe	38
	/kefi/	kefi	14
		quefi	34
Inconsistent Unpreferred	/ʎeli/	yeli	39 (40)
		lleli	8 (8)
	/ʎufi/	yufi	42 (44)
		llufi	4 (4)
	/χetu/	getu	26
		jetu	22
	/χidu/	gidu	26
		jidu	22
	/bani/	bani	35
		vani	13
	/buti/	buti	45 (47)
		vuti	1 (1)
	/kiɲo/	kiño	12
		quiño	36
	/kedi/	kedi	11
		quedi	37

3.7 Distribution of Reaction Times From the Experiment 1

Figure 3.8: Distribution of Reaction Times From the Experiment 1. Raincloud plots showing the distribustions of RTs for both trained and untrained consistent, preferred and unpreferred spellings.

3.8 Fillers from the French novel word spelling task

Table 3.5: French Fillers

Consistent	Inconsistent
/bedavə/	/ʒinymə/	/ʒibybə/
/dabineə/	/ʒetivə/	/ʒebabə/
/tubanə/	/sebanə/	/sevivə/
/mavymə/	/sibyvə/	/sidabə/
/nydivə/	/fatavə/	/fanymə/
/vemagə/	/femidə/	/fetogə/
/pivavə/	/kimybə/	/kilydə/
/lydanə/	/ketagə/	/kemumə/
/bamivə/	/ʒimanə/	/ʒipagə/
/dedabə/	/ʒebanə/	/ʒelyvə/
/talynə/	/simamə/	/simymə/
/medivə/	/selidə/	/sedivə/
/nedumə/	/fabigə/	/fadumə/
/vamyvə/	/femydə/	/fetabə/
/pitogə/	/kinynə/	/kilavə/
/labydə/	/kedibə/	/kepymə/

3.9 French Pseudowords from the Pseudoword Repetition Task

French-like pseudiwords from the pseudoword repetition task

Practice trials	/kɛdə/	/ʃisə/
	/lɛpə/	/fybə/	/mavə/
2 items sequences	/tɔʃə/	/nypə/
	/fikə/	/ʁœdə/
3 items sequences	/lyzə/	/zɑ̃ʃə/	/nɔlə/
	/dylə/	/nɔkə/	/zɛtə/
4 items sequences	/suvə/	/zɔdə/	/ʃymə/	/nɛlə/
	/nysə/	/tupə/	/mabə/	/fɛʃə/
5 items sequences	/sodə/	/vɛkə/	/lɔ̃fə/	/ʒabə/	/mipə/
	/pɛmə/	/zatə/	/nuʁə/	/vɔʃə/	/dukə/
6 items sequences	/dɑ̃ʒə/	/gasə/	/mivə/	/bɛfə/	/nytə/	/ʒykə/
	/mɔsə/	/ʃœʁə/	/ʒovə/	/kɛzə/	/gunə/	/libə/
7 items sequences	/ʁɛpə/	/ʒɔʃə/	/lyvə/	/zemə/	/fozə/	/nœʁə/	/ʒibə/
	/vadə/	/pynə/	/lozə/	/niʒə/	/bɛʁə/	/kɑ̃ʃə/	/fœtə/
8 items sequences	/kofə/	/ʒamə/	/tɛnə/	/zyʁə/	/puvə/	/fœʁə/	/ʁɑ̃bə/	/diʃə/
	/daɲə/	/fɛkə/	/pɔsə/	/nuvə/	/zitə/	/ʃydə/	/bɔ̃ʒə/	/ʁœlə/

3.10 Spellings from the French novel word spelling task

Preferred French Spellings from the Set A

Set A
	Phonological Form	Possible  Spellings	Preferred Spelling Per Participant
Inconsistent Preferred	/ʒinavə/	ginav	38
		jinav	8
	/ʒebinə/	gébine	43
		jébine	3
	/sedunə/	sédoune	13
		cédoune	33
	/simybə/	simub	26
		cimub	20
	/fapyvə/	fapuve	41
		phapuve	5
	/fedinə/	fédine	41
		phédine	5
	/kityvə/	quituve	23
		kituve	23
	/kemagə/	quémague	22
		kémague	24
Inconsistent Unpreferred	/ʒitymə/	gitume	35
		jitume	11
	/ʒevabə/	gévab	39
		jévab	7
	/semivə/	sémive	21
		cémive	25
	/sibavə/	sibave	24
		cibave	24
	/fanynə/	fanune	41
		phanune	5
	/fenɔgə/	fénogue	35
		phénogue	11
	/kidunə/	quidoune	25
		kidoune	15
	/kepydə/	quépude	25
		képude	15

Preferred French Spellings from the Set B

Set B
	Phonological Form	Possible  Spellings	Preferred Spelling Per Participant
Inconsistent Preferred	/ʒedavə/	gédave	38
		jédave	8
	/ʒimunə/	gimoune	31
		jimoune	15
	/sepidə/	sépide	19
		cépide	27
	/sitavə/	sitave	17
		citave	29
	/fabɔgə/	fabogue	41
		phabogue	5
	/fenybə/	fénube	37
		phénube	9
	/kenivə/	quénive	22
		kénive	24
	/kipynə/	quipune	25
		kipune	15
Inconsistent Unpreferred	/ʒenyvə/	génuve	40
		jénuve	6
	/ʒitɔgə/	gitogue	34
		jitogue	12
	/sebavə/	sébave	20
		cébave	26
	/sidynə/	sidune	27
		cidune	19
	/fapunə/	fapoune	40
		phapoune	6
	/febadə/	fébade	39
		phébade	7
	/kepanə/	quépane	19
		képane	27
	/kimavə/	quimave	28
		kimave	18

3.11 Distribution of Reaction Times From the Experiment 2

Figure 3.9: Distribution of Reaction Times From the Experiment 2. Raincloud plots showing the distribustions of RTs for both trained and untrained consistent, preferred and unpreferred spellings.

3.12 Spellings from the Spanish novel word spelling task: Experiment 3

Preferred Spanish Spellings from the Set A

Set A
	Phonological Form	Possible  Spellings	Preferred Spelling Per Participant
Inconsistent Preferred	/ʎedu/	yedu	38
		lledu	16
	/ʎuɲe/	yuñe	49
		lluñe	7
	/χepo/	gepo	30
		jepo	32
	/χifo/	gifo	17
		jifo	43
	/bamu/	bamu	25
		vamu	38
	/bupe/	bupe	62
		vupe	2
	/kime/	kime	20
		quime	43
	/ketu/	ketu	20
		quetu	41
Inconsistent Unpreferred	/ʎefo/	yefo	32
		llefo	20
	/ʎupo/	yupo	48
		llupo	5
	/χede/	gede	30
		jede	33
	/χitu/	gitu	25
		jitu	38
	/badi/	badi	48
		vadi	16
	/bumi/	bumi	61
		vumi	2
	/kifo/	kifo	5
		quifo	37
	/keli/	keli	27
		queli	34

Preferred Spanish Spellings from the Set B

Set B
	Phonological Form	Possible  Spellings	Preferred Spelling Per Participant
Inconsistent Preferred	/ʎepo/	yepo	42
		llepo	10
	/ʎule/	yule	50
		llule	6
	/χeni/	geni	47
		jeni	16
	/χipe/	gipe	27
		jipe	35
	/bafu/	bafu	58
		vafu	6
	/buɲe/	buñe	63
		vuñe	0
	/kipe/	kipe	22
		quipe	42
	/kefi/	kefi	26
		quefi	37
Inconsistent Unpreferred	/ʎeli/	yeli	40
		lleli	11
	/ʎufi/	yufi	48
		llufi	7
	/χetu/	getu	24
		jetu	40
	/χidu/	gidu	29
		jidu	34
	/bani/	bani	37
		vani	27
	/buti/	buti	64
		vuti	0
	/kiɲo/	kiño	17
		quiño	47
	/kedi/	kedi	18
		quedi	46

3.13 Distribution of Reaction Times From the Experiment 3

Active Learners

Figure 3.10: Distribution of Reaction Times From the Experiment 3. Raincloud plots showing the distribustions of RTs for both trained and untrained consistent, preferred and unpreferred spellings.

Passive Learners

Figure 3.11: Distribution of Reaction Times From the Experiment 3. Raincloud plots showing the distribustions of RTs for both trained and untrained consistent, preferred and unpreferred spellings.